FORCED CIRCUMCISION.
Forced circumcision most commonly refers to the circumcision of a male who has not given his consent.
The vast majority of circumcisions, albeit non-violent, are done to male neonates and children, who cannot give informed consent; but this article covers mainly forced circumcisions of adult men as acts of violence.
In a biblical context the term is used especially in relation to Paul the Apostle and his polemics against the forced circumcision of gentile Christians.
More often, forced circumcisions have occurred in a wide range of situations, most notably in the compulsory conversion of non-Muslims to Islam and the forced circumcision of Teso, Turkana and Luo men in Kenya, as well as the abduction of South-African teenage boys to so-called circumcision schools ("bush schools.").
In South Africa, custom allows uncircumcised Xhosa-speaking men past the age of circumcision (i.e., 25 years or older) to be overpowered by other men and forcibly circumcised.
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